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The Philippine Revolution ended in 1898. The Republic of the Philippines was established in 1946. Philippine History by Teodoro Agoncillo, Freethinking Professor and Researcher, Free-thinking Educator Spanish sources are mainly responsible for what we know about Philippine history prior to the coming of the Spaniards in 1521, but they are far from reliable. This is not surprising when one considers that they were written by Spaniards who may have been guilty of many conscious distortions, willful falsifications or simply careless copying - with their knowledge that only a particular slant on events would be accepted at home. Spanish accounts were written mainly by the missionaries, who were bent on speeding up the process of conversion; or by the "conquistadores" who painted in strong colors the horrors of their enemies' pagan practices. Spanish materials are also limited because, generally speaking, there were few Spaniards living in Manila for much of its early colonial history. Spanish sources covering the period 1521 to 1593 are both scanty and unreliable; they are limited to what could be gleaned from "encomenderos", who sent to the King their yearly tribute - which was half a century late it reached Spain. The next batch of Spanish data came from the first official historian, Antonio de Morga, who was still some fifty years after the founding of Manila. The first to attempt a systematic study of Philippine history was Andres Garcia Pelaez in 1872, who reconstructed the life of Rajah Sulayman. From then on, there has been an increasing flow of materials on Philippine history. The best are those written by Filipinos trained or at least equipped by modern scientific methods of research and analysis; these are greatly outnumbered by the works of non-specialists whose main purpose is to serve as propaganda for their particular viewpoint - be it patriotic or imperialist - thereby sacrificing historical accuracy. Philippine ethnic groups are the heterogeneous result of many migrations from mainland Asia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Indochina, India and China. China was the first to reach the islands with Bornean followers of the Han Dynasty expansionism; Malay migrants started arriving between the 1st and 4th centuries; Arabs arrived in waves during Middle Ages; there were Indian traders who brought Hinduism; Indonesians came after their Majapahit Empire´s fall in 1527; then there were Spaniards who conquered and Christianized everyone. The Chinese had no interest in assimilating the aborigines, whom they looked down upon as mere savages. The Malay, Indian, Arab and Spanish adventurers casually intermarried with the natives. The Indians came in small numbers but were responsible for at least one major historical event: the system of encomienda that was introduced by Ferdinand Magellan. The system entailed that each conquistador was given two natives to work their land in return for a share of the harvest tax, which he had to send back home. Usually, only the Spanish man was burdened with this duty while his native wife stayed free to find her own means of subsistence. This should not be surprising when one considers the low standard of living under which many Filipinos worked at that time. cfa1e77820
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